Clinical Predictors of Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PCP) Diagnosed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) at RSUP Prof. dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah: An Observational Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56951/3gvtqg56Kata Kunci:
HIV, Pneumonia Pneumocystis Jirovecii, PCR, CD4, prediktor klinisAbstrak
Pneumonia Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP) merupakan penyakit oportunistik yang signifikan pada individu dengan HIV, terutama pada kasus imunosupresi lanjut. Gejalanya yang tidak jelas menghambat diagnosis dalam situasi dengan keterbatasan sumber daya. Kami mengevaluasi indikator klinis dan biokimia dari PCR P. jirovecii positif pada orang dengan dugaan PCP. Metode: Studi observasional retrospektif dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum Prof. Dr I.G.N.G. Ngoerah pada tahun 2024, yang melibatkan 62 pasien HIV dewasa yang secara klinis diduga menderita PCP. Data dari sumber klinis dan laboratorium diekstrak dari rekam medis elektronik. Analisis bivariat dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square dan Mann–Whitney U, kemudian diikuti oleh regresi logistik multivariat untuk variabel dengan p<0,25 untuk menentukan prediktor independen. Hasil: Tes PCR P. jirovecii positif diidentifikasi pada 38,7% (n=24) dari 62 pasien HIV dengan dugaan PCP. Hasil PCR positif PCP secara signifikan berhubungan dengan tidak adanya pengobatan ARV, kadar LDH di bawah 500 U/L, dan jumlah CD4 di bawah 100 sel/µL. Jumlah CD4 di bawah 100 sel/µL tetap menjadi prediktor independen yang signifikan setelah analisis multivariat (aOR = 28,6; 95% CI: 3,4–250; p=0,002). Kesimpulan: Jumlah CD4 di bawah 100 sel/µL adalah prediktor paling signifikan dari PCP pada pasien HIV di lingkungan dengan keterbatasan sumber daya. Penanda penting ini sangat vital untuk mengidentifikasi individu berisiko tinggi dan untuk intervensi terapeutik tepat waktu.
Unduhan
Referensi
1. Brown GD, Denning DW, Gow NA, Levitz SM, Netea MG, White TC. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Science Translational Medicine. 2012 Dec 19;4(165):165rv13-
2. Summah H, Zhu YG, Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Qu JM. Use of real-time polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: a meta-analysis. Chinese medical journal. 2013 May 20;126(10):1965-73.
3. Gandhi RT, Landovitz RJ, Sax PE, Smith DM, Springer SA, Günthard HF, Thompson MA, Bedimo RJ, Benson CA, Buchbinder SP, Crabtree-Ramirez BE. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV in adults: 2024 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society–USA panel. Jama. 2025 Feb 18;333(7):609-28.
4. World Health Organisation. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach. World Health Organisation; 2021 Jul 16.
5. Gautam, H., Bhalla, P., Saini, S., Uppal, B., Kaur, R., Baveja, C. P., & Dewan, R. (2009). Epidemiology of opportunistic infections and its correlation with CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and plasma viral load among HIV-positive patients at a tertiary care hospital in India. Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care, 8(6), 333-337
6. Huggett JF, Taylor MS, Kocjan G, Evans HE, Morris-Jones S, Gant V, Novak T, Costello AM, Zumla A, Miller RF. Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detecting Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV-infected patients. Thorax. 2008 Feb 1;63(2):154-9.
7. Chen JingJie, C. J., Li Yong, L. Y., He Han, H. H., Su LingSong, S. L., Qin SongShu, Q. S., Hu HongBo, H. H., ... & Li ShiLi, L. S. (2011). Laboratory diagnosis of HIV/AIDS patients complicated with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.
8. Chiang GS, Nyunt MS, Gao Q, Wee SL, Yap KB, Tan BY, Ng TP. Primary care prognostic (PCP) index of 11-year mortality risk: development and validation of a brief prognostic tool. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2021 Jan;36(1):62-8.
9. Brown L, Rautemaa‑Richardson R, Mengoli C, Alanio A, Barnes RA, Bretagne S, Chen SCA, Cordonnier C, Donnelly JP, Heinz WJ, Jones B, Klingspor L, Loeffler J, Rogers TR, Rowbotham E, White PL, Cruciani M. Polymerase Chain Reaction on Respiratory Tract Specimens of Immunocompromised Patients to Diagnose Pneumocystis Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta‑Analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2024 Jul 19;79(1):161–168. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae239
10. Roembke F, Heinzow HS, Gosseling T, Heinecke A, Domagk D, Domschke W, Meister T. Clinical outcome and predictors of survival in patients with pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia–results of a tertiary referral centre. The clinical respiratory journal. 2014 Jan;8(1):86-92.
11. Hardak E, Neuberger A, Yigla M, Berger G, Finkelstein R, Sprecher H, Oren I. Outcome of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Respirology. 2012 May;17(4):681-6.
12. Khamlee, P., Werarak, P., & Puttilerpong, C. (2021). Incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in treatment-naïve HIV-infected adult patients receiving primary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia chemoprophylaxis with 48-week antiretroviral initiation. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 45(5), 412-420.
13. Pennington K, Wilson J, Limper AH, Escalante P. Positive Pneumocystis jirovecii sputum PCR results with negative bronchoscopic PCR results in suspected Pneumocystis pneumonia. Canadian Respiratory Journal. 2018;2018(1):6283935.
14. Miyake K, Senoo S, Shiiba R, Itano J, Kimura G, Kawahara T, Tamura T, Kudo K, Kawamura T, Nakahara Y, Higo H. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia mortality risk associated with preceding long-term steroid use for the underlying disease: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study. PloS one. 2024 Feb 8;19(2):e0292507.
15. Chagas, O. J., Gonçalves, F. A. R., Nagatomo, P. P., Buccheri, R., Pereira-Chioccola, V. L., Del Negro, G. M. B., & Benard, G. (2024). Predictive models-assisted diagnosis of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in the emergency room, based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological data. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 11247.
16. Sun R, Lv D, Xiao M, Zhang L, Xu J, Yu X, Zhu H, Yang J. Diagnostic accuracy of the 1, 3-beta-D-glucan test and lactate dehydrogenase for pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV patients. Scientific Reports. 2021 Apr 29;11(1):9226
17. Gonçalves, L. S., Júnior, A. S., Ferreira, S. M. S., Sousa, C. O., Fontes, T. V., Vettore, M. V., & Torres, S. R. (2013). Factors associated with specific clinical forms of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected Brazilian adults. archives of oral biology, 58(6), 657-663.
18. Cao, Y., Chen, J., & Dong, L. (2022). Supplementary role of immunological indicators in the diagnosis and prognosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Infection and drug resistance, 4675-4683.
19. Sheikholeslami, M. F., Sadraei, J., Farnia, P., Moghadam, M. F., & Kochak, H. E. (2015). Co-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pneumocystis jirovecii in the Iranian patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 8(2), e17254.
Unduhan
Terbitan
Bagian
Diterbitkan
Unduhan
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Morris Lintong Barimbing, AAA Yuli Gayatri

Artikel ini berlisensi Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.