Tinjauan Komprehensif Patogenesis, Diagnosis, dan Tata Laksana Terkini Vitiligo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56951/a7se4c52Kata Kunci:
vitiligo, autoimun, depigmentasi, JAK-STAT, terapiAbstrak
Vitiligo merupakan kelainan kulit kronis akibat destruksi melanosit yang dimediasi oleh mekanisme autoimun, dengan prevalensi global sekitar 0,1–2%. Penyakit ini ditandai oleh makula depigmentasi berbatas tegas dan berdampak signifikan terhadap kualitas hidup. Patogenesis vitiligo melibatkan interaksi faktor genetik, aktivasi imun seluler melalui jalur interferongamma (IFN-γ) dan Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), serta stres oksidatif yang berkontribusi terhadap kerusakan melanosit. Diagnosis ditegakkan secara klinis dengan bantuan lampu Wood dan evaluasi tambahan bila diperlukan. Derajat keparahan dan aktivitas penyakit dapat dinilai dengan menggunakan vitiligo area scoring index (VASI) dan skor vitiligo disease activity (VIDA). Penatalaksanaan vitiligo bertujuan untuk menghentikan progresivitas penyakit, menginduksi repigmentasi kulit, dan mencegah kekambuhan melalui berbagai modalitas terapi antara lain terapi topikal dan sistemik, fototerapi, hingga pembedahan. Perkembangan terapi terbaru menunjukkan peran penting inhibitor JAK sebagai terapi target dalam penatalaksanaan vitiligo. Melalui pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif terhadap patogenesis penyakit dan pendekatan terapi yang tepat, diharapkan luaran klinis dan kualitas hidup pasien vitiligo dapat ditingkatkan secara optimal.
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