Nanobubbles for Precision Oncology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56951/gsz6t860Kata Kunci:
nanobubbles, penghantaran obat berbantuan ultrasound , gasotransmitters, hipoksia tumor, hormesis, onkologi presisiAbstrak
Nanobubbles (NBs) merupakan kelas unik dari zat pembawa berukuran sub-200 nm yang mengintegrasikan kemampuan penetrasi jaringan dalam dengan fungsi responsif terhadap ultrasound (US), sehingga menawarkan peluang untuk pencitraan, oksigenasi, dan penghantaran terapeutik secara simultan pada tumor padat. Tinjauan ini menyintesis prinsipprinsip fisikokimia yang mengatur stabilitas NB dengan pertimbangan desain translasional, termasuk muatan interfasial, kandungan lipid bebas, jarak antar gelembung, dan zeta (ζ)-potensial sebagai determinan penyerapan dan sitotoksisitas. Penekanan khusus diberikan pada muatan berbasis gas: nanobubbles oksigen untuk mengatasi hipoksia tumor serta molekul pelepas karbon monoksida (CO-RMs), nitrogen monoksida (NO), dan hidrogen sulfida (H₂S) untuk modulasi redoks–imunometabolik dalam rentang dosis hormetik. Data praklinis menunjukkan bahwa nanobubbles oksigen meningkatkan respons radioterapi dan kemoterapi dengan membalikkan resistansi akibat hipoksia, sementara donor CO, NO, dan H₂S—yang diberikan dalam rentang dosis bifasik yang sensitif—memungkinkan imunomodulasi dan rekayasa ulang mikro lingkungan tumor. Kami juga merangkum bukti tingkat kasus (misalnya nanobubbles IR780–docetaxel pada kanker pankreas) menjadi aturan desain praktis dan membahas tuas rekayasa seperti komposisi selubung, kimia pengikatan silang, serta parameterisasi akustik. Akhirnya, tinjauan ini menguraikan peta jalan translasional yang mencakup manufaktur skala besar, dosimetri berpemandu pencitraan, dan strategi klinis fase awal. Secara kolektif, sistem berbasis nanobubble yang diperkaya gas dan dipicu ultrasound (US) merepresentasikan platform presisi yang sedang berkembang dengan potensi untuk bertransisi dari prototipe eksperimental menuju evaluasi klinis yang terkontrol dalam onkologi.
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